E lewru feebariyee 2003, Muritani fuɗɗiima yaltinde petoroŋ dowrowo, koyɗo e boyli nder geec biyeteeɗi Singiti (Chinguetti). E duuɓi jeenay, ñalawma kala maa ɗii boyli njaltin fotde 75 000 barirgal. Nehaande ɗiɗmere nde, wonnde 25 kiloomeeteer rewo Singiti, wiyeteende Coof, maa yaltinoy kañum 100 miliyoŋ barirgal ñalawma kala. Ɗum fof tawi en kaalaani Gaas keewɗo gardoowo heen o. Fotde 7 500 km bannge men rewo, kompañiiji peteroŋ nana mbaɗda danndu to Madagaskaar, ɗo peteroŋ sikkaa ina suuɗii haa heewi. Kompañiiji ndokkaama toon jamirooje njiylawu, ko wayi no kompañi Ameriknaajo wiyeteeɗo Exxon, jogorɗo wiɗtude wertallo tolniingo e 36 000 km2 nder geec. Pelle tati goɗɗe ko hono noon : fedde sinuwaa en wiyeende Sunpec, fedde Ameriknaare Vanco Energy kam e fedde Norwees wiytende Norsk Hydro. Ina gasa ɗoo e hitaande 2010, Madagaskaar daña peteroŋ.
Madagaskaar, Muritani, Caad… tawtii Gine Ekaatoriyaal, Gabon, Angolaa, Niiseriyaa, Libi, leyɗe Afirik jeñtinooje petoroŋ. So tawii ko Niseriyaa, Alaseri e Libi tan ngoni leyɗe Afirik njeyaaɗe e fedde leyɗe jeeyooje peteroŋ (OPEP), Fedde leyɗe Afirik jeeyooje PeteroR kañum ina jogii terɗe 14, hay so tawii won heen ko njogii ko heewaani walla ndañii peteroŋ ko ɓooyi (Konngo Barasa, Koddiwaar …). Muritani noon anndaano ina jogii peteroŋ. Caad kañum ne ko 2003 tan fuɗɗii yeeyde ɗum.
Tee joofaani : wiɗtooji ina njokki to Koddiwaar, nder geec, to Liberyaa, to Gine, to Siraa Leyoon, to Senegaal e to Gammbi, tee won ko yiytetee. Hay ootoo bannge Afirik : Keñaa, Mosammbik e Madagaskaar. Ko goonga nii ko Afirik moofti heen ko ina famɗi, sibu ko 10,2% e ko yeñtintee ko e 7,3% e ko woodaa e petoroŋ mooftiiɗo e nder winndere nde. Leydi ɓurndi heewde ko yeñtinta, hono Niiseriyaa ko 11ɓiri e nder winndere nde, leydi cukkindi heen ndi, hono Libi, ko 16ɓiri e nder winndere nde. Kono so tawii ƴeewaa ko ɓurɓe waawde yeeyde caggal leydi, ɗee leyɗe ɗiɗi ngarata ko njeeɗaɓiri e sappoɓiri. Saabii ɗum noon ko leyɗe Afirik ina famɗi ko mbaylata e oogirɗe mum en, ɗe keewi ko yeewde fof leyɗe goɗɗe.
Sabaabu gadano ɓeydagol nokkuuji jeñtinirɗi petoroŋ e nder Afirik ko tiiɗtugol njaru mum, ɗum waɗi hay so fereeje njiylawu e jeñtingol keewii, haɗataa joom mum eñaltude. ƴanti heen, nde tawnoo ñalnde kala petoroŋ ina ɓeydoo sokleede ɗum addani ɓurɓe waawde huutoraade ɗum ɓe teeɗanaade jiimde boyli petoroŋ. Ɓuri waawde takkeede ɗum fof ko Amerik, nde tawnoo ko kamɓe fof ɓuri waawde huutoraade ɗum (nayaɓal ko aduna oo fof huutortoo), tee alaa ko ɓe njeñtinanta heen koye maɓɓe so wonaa feccere soklaaji maɓɓe ɗi. Kono wonaa kamɓe tan mbayi noon.
Leydi Siin ko noon wayi, sibu yeñtinta tan ko feccere soklaaji mum. To oon bannge a ɓe tami hannde leydi Sudaan (yeru). Gila 199Ɓeɓe ni toon, aɓe ngondi e Malesinaaɓe e Kanadaanaaɓe. Nde tawnoo Afirik jeyaa ko e wattindiiɓe e nguuɗoo ngalu, kam ɓuri seeɗa wellitaade, gollooɓe hesɓe ina ndaña naatde toon. Hay Oropnaaɓe ina ngolloo heen (Elf-Total-Fina, Shell, Repsol …), hay so tawii noon eɓe ndeestii seeɗa, aɓe nangtii kam e nokkuuji ɗo ɓe ngonnoo, yeru to Gabon.
Nootagol antampirisaaji petoroŋ adunankooji e ɗuum, wonaa huunde hesere. Kono tan ɓeydagol njeñu petoroŋ ina addana en naamnitaade won ɗeen geɗe haa arti noon e anndude to nguu ngalu naatata. ƴeru ɓurɗo maantinde ko to Caad. Ko Banke Adunanke (Banque Mondiale) difinoo fereeje njiilawu e jeñtingol petoroŋ maɓɓe (ñamli ɓe kaalis). O huutorii ɗum ngam waawnude Caad won ɗeen geɗe ganndiraaɗe “gardagol moƴƴol” (bonne gouvernance). Ina jeyanoo e ɗeen geɗe, sariya tR 001 mo ñamlirooɓe kaalisaaji ɗi mbaawnunoo, mo fayndaare mum wonnoo anndude ɗo njeñtudi nguuɗoo ngalu wattinta, mbele ɓiyɓe leydi ndi kala ina naftoroo ɗum. Booñ wonande yontaaji garooji sosaa. O udditaa ko Londres, tee ko naati e makko fof yaltataa jooni. Kala ko dañanoo e njeeygu petoroŋ leydi ndi, heen sappoɓal ko e ɗee konte wersetee. Oo kaalis fotnoo huutoreede ko e cellal, jaŋde, mahaaɗe e dokkitgol ndiyam.
Duuɓi ɗiɗi caggal ɗum, e maayirɗe 2005, Caad saltii ngalɗoo nanondiral, wiyi ina wondi e caɗeele kaalis, tee ko leydi ndimɗundi. Banke Adunake salii kaalis o yalta e konte ɗe. Njamenaa (Caad) woni e ruuɓrude ɓe uddugol boyli mum petoroŋ. Hedde darorɗe mee, nde woote toɗ- ɗagol mawɗo leydi yonti nde, Banke Adunanke yahri caggal. Njamenaa kam ne jaɓi huutoraade 70% e njeñtudi petoroŋ o ngam haɓde e baasal.
Kono hay gooto anndaa so ma ɓe mbaɗ ko ɓe kunii ko. Ko ɗum ngaanumma mawɗo no feewi : so tawii demokaraasi alaa e leydi, mbele ndiin leydi foti ko waawneede mbele njeñtudi ngaluuji mum ina nafta ɓesngu mum fof, waasa haaɗde tan e tamangel yimɓon seeɗa ngardikon kon, walla ndimaagu leyɗe ɗe foti tan ko ɗoofteede hay so tawii noon ɗum yuumtata ko galɗingol yimɓon seeɗa.
Leyɗe keewɗe ina mbaɗti e ɗumɗoo hakkille no feewi. Pelle keewɗe ina miijii so tawii laabi laaɓtuɗi kuutoragol ngaluuji ɗi lelnaaka, petoroŋ o alaa ko nafata so wonaa soodireede njogitaari e njeenaari. Ko ɗum tagi Angalteer yaltinde e hitaande 2003 miijo anndiraango «l’Initiative pour la transparence des industries extractives (ITIE)» ngo fayndaare mum woni jaɓnude entampirisaaji ɗi bayyinde kala ko mbersi e booñuuji (trésor public) leyɗe jeñtinooje petoroŋ ɗe. Leyɗe 9 Afirik njaɓii ndeeɗoo feere, ina jeyaa heen Angolaa, Kamaruun, Caad, Gabon e Niiseer. Leyɗe goɗɗe puɗ- ɗiima tabitinde ɗum, ko wayi no Konngoo Barasawiil, Saawo Tomee e Perensipee kam e Ganaa. Ina wayi no ITIE ina joopii ceRɗe tati : guwarnamaaji ɗi e rendooji ɗi “société civile” kam e antampirisaaji ɗi ina poti wallondirde woto njeñtudi ngaluuji ɗi haaɗtude e poosuuji alɗuɓe ɓe.
Ina gasa njeñtudi petoroŋ ndi wallita leyɗe ɗe termondireede no moƴƴi nanondire goɗɗe. Nii woni ngolɗoo laawol, Muritani ɓurata wellitaade so yahii haalditoyde, ñalnde 31 sulyee e Dental Orop ko fayti e nanondire awo, sibu ina jogii ɗo ɓaartii (kaalis njeeygu petoroŋ); ɗum noon ina waawi salaade ko heewi hankati. Ɗum noon fotaani addande yimɓe fawde yaakaare mum en fof e petoroŋ … Sibu ina hasii yimɓe ɓe cooynotaako hay seeɗa e nguuɗoo ngalu. ƴeru to Niiseriyaa, leydi Afirik ɓurndi hewde petoroŋ, yimɓe ɓe ceppii cili keewɗi nder mbeddaaji e hitaande 2005 nde ngam naamnaade ustugol coggu petoroŋ ngu ngannduɗaa sowiima ko ɓuri laabi nay hakkunde 1994 e 2004. Ina haawnii sibu 95% e ngalu ndiiɗoo leydi ummortoo ko petoroŋ, kono ɗum haɗaani ñalnde fof leydi ndi ina Rakkiree geɗe ummotooɗe e petoroŋ (isaas …). Sabaabu mum ko leydi ndi yeeyat miliyoŋaaji ɗiɗi e feccere barirgal petoroŋ mo waylaaka (brut) ɗi yeñtinta ñalawma kala ɗii, heddoo maa soodta e leyɗe goɗɗe petoroŋ gollaaɗo o. Eɗum jotondiri kadi e jiilgol ngol moƴƴaani nguuɗoo ngalu …
Ittaa ko e winndannde André Linard Le Monde
Fulo : Bookara Aamadu Bah
