Fulfulde ina heewi wiyde : « Yoo gundo res gundo, elo resa elo ! » kadi ruttii nde wiyi : « Seeno kala e gundooji mum ». Holi ko mbaaw-ɗen janngitaade e ɗee pulfule ɗiɗi, goowaaɗe haaleede e renndo fulɓe, jogiiɗe firooji mumen renndo ganndaaɗi, kono ɗe tooweeki mumen to bannge ganndal artowal majjaa e ko ɓuri heewde e ngoon renndo ?
En mbaawaa yiɗde jomtude ɗee pulfule to bannge guurɗiwal, tawi en nganndinaani holi ko woni ciirol[1] ? E holi no ciiringol[2] seertinta ciirol gootol feewde e ciiri ɗiɗi ɓadondirɗi, haa ɗo ɗi nattata resondirde ?
Mbiyen ciirol ko denndaangal teele peññinooje sifaaji[3] denndaaɗi hakkunde majji, kadi tawi ko ɗe baawɗe resondirde, ɗe ndokka geñgol jeñowol. Ciirol kadi ina waawi feccitaade e diɗɗe[4] e fawaade e palɗe diidngoleydiwe koɗaaɗe, tawa heen diɗɗal kala ina heertorii garwari (caftule) lomlomeewi[5] ceerɗi, tammbiiɗi ɓurnal cuɓtoral[6] ɗe yoga e teele taweteeɗe e nder diɗɗal njogii. Ɗiin garwari lomlomeewi[7] ina mbaawi waaylaade e baylagol ngonkaaji nokku guuraaɗo oo.
Ciiri gone guurɗe e dow ɗaŋre men ndee, e tuma hannde oo, ɗii kala, ina keertorii kumpital artowal, ciirol heen kala. Kono ɗuum fof e wayde noon, gartule[8] ɗiin ciiri ngonaa temɗi (ñiiɓɗi). Ngati ina woodi piilaa-mbeñaaji ceerɗi dariiɗi wallitde ƴellitagol ɗeen gartule. Eɗen mbaawi limtude e majji : cowsowe, dentine walla kele koromosomaaji, bakle artowe (coɗgol, ɓelsine, goste…). Waɗde, e ummaade e ciirol njaatiraawol, ko kañnji ɗowata feewde e peeñgol pelle teele, e baɗte bayle keewɗe jolanooje ngartudi mumen nattat wonde jotondirooje hakkunde mumen to bannge njogoram haa ɗe ngonta ciiri kesi. Ko ndee feeñfeeñre anndiraa ciiringol walla keertingol. Ciiringol noon waɗataa e ŋabboral nguurndam neɗɗo, nde tawnoo ngol jolata ko e njuuteendi kitaale teemedde ujunnaaje.
Ina anndaa kadi wonde sato (taariindi) ina jogii baɗtinanɗe e garti (gene) kulle maa puɗi guurɗi e nder mum ɗii, tawi rewraa ko e baylewayle inniraaɗe taarto-arte[9]. Teele[10] ɗee, e rewrude e garti mumen, ina ɗowitii gollooje satoyankooje keewɗe : nguura, ñabbuuji, safaruuji e tooknuɗe, hiiɗo… tawi ɗeen geɗe kala ina mbayla ɓiɗɗe majje, no ɗe mbaylirta gollingol ADN taweteeɗo e nder majje oo nii, hay so ɗe mbaylaani deggondiral garti ɗii. Haa ko ɗuum waɗi, hay e nder sowre funeeɓe wajjuɓe-jillaare[11], eɗen mbaawi seedaade ceerule mawɗe hakkunde lappol nguurndam ngol ɓe looñtata e mawnugol maɓɓe. Gooto e maɓɓe ina waawi feññinde fayfayru, goɗɗo oo heddoo cewɗo karliiɗo walla gooto e maɓɓe ƴellita rafi hoore[12], goɗɗo oo wona celluɗo ngaandi.
Ndokken yeru goɗɗo haa ɓura laaɓtude. E nder runngeere ñaaki, kuuɓal buubi-ñaaki njogii ko kuwtoral artowal gootal, kono eɗen teskoo diɗɗe ɗiɗi ceerɗe ina nguuri e nder mayre : laamiiɗi e gollotooɗi. Heen diɗɗal kala ina hollira sifaaji walla peeñorɗi ceerɗi melew e goɗngal ngal. Laamiiɗi ɗii, e heerorade ɗi golle geñgol e ñootondiral renndo majji, ko kañnji ɓurata mawnude, ɓurata juutde balɗe (eɗi njaha haa duuɓi 4, so heewii), ɗoon ɗo gollotooɗi ɗii ngonata dimari, daɓɓi balɗe (hakkunde balɗe 40 haa lebbi 6), ɗi keedtinaa ko e ƴoogol, pittugol, ñammingol, mahgol e gommbugol piindi leɗɗe.
Jooni noon, so wonii kañnji kala, ɗi njooɓii ko kuwtoral artowal gootal, holi no mbaaw-ɗen faccirde ngal ceerundal mawngal gonngal hakkunde peeñordi majji ? Ɗoo, jaabowol ngol tawetee ko e ñaamdu ndu ɗi ñaamata nduu. Jogorɗi wonde laamotooɗi ɗii kam e laamiiɗi ɗii ɓadtintee ko kodde laamɗo. Ko ndii ñamri ittata metelingol (deƴƴingol maa kelɓingol garti) kaɗowol ñaaki ɗii e jogaade tagoodi laamiiɗi ɗii.
Maandoore ciirol noon ɓooyii no miijtiyaagal e safaarawal, kono no majje nii ngol ƴellitiima. To adana, ciirol renndintunoo ko tago (mbaydi), innde e mare. Haa e yonta men oo, njaatguurɗewal gollirta ciiri deŋɗi ɗii ko e tagowal majji kam e sifaaji « ooyooji » ɗi ɗi keerorii. Hannde, artowal rokki anndinoore ciiri ɗiɗi kono no diɗɗe ɗiɗi donkitɗe waawde rokkude jilluɗe jeñooje. E kaa ngonka gostondiral garti (gène) e rewude e geñgol njogarameewol hakkunde diɗɗe ɗiɗi ɗee ko ko taƴi, e njuuteendi tuma ne, ɗe ɓeydotoo tan woɗɗondirde e seertude. Ko ɗuum waɗi, kala ciirol anndinortoo ko joñogol mum artowol e gaa keddiiɗi ɗii.
Ciirol mbaydiwol ngol njaatguurɗiwo, e ciirol geñowol ngol artoyanke ko timmotirooje. Gadanol ngol yerondirta ko hakkunde ciiri jibinaaɗi e yummiraawol majji, dewondirɗi e nder tuma, wiyee « biltinol[13] », goɗngol ngol, jerondiral ngal wonata ko e tuma gooto, e rewrude e « caltinol[14] ».
Holi no haytaango artowal kam e suɓtaango nehsuwo mbaawirta ɗowde peeñgol ciirol kesol?
Ngonkaaji nokku jowitiiɗi e daartol Leydi (jirgitaali wayweeyooji, mahraango alluuje,…) ina mbaawi hollirde bayle mawɗe haa ngaddana diɗɗe ummiiɗe e ciirol gootol joñogol diidngoleydiwol. Wonta, heen diɗɗal kala heddoraa tan ko limre hakindiinde e teele ciirol mum. Ko ɗuum waɗi, ɗe njogotoo tan ko yoga e limre lomlome ɗe gartule ceerɗe no feewi e ɗi diɗɗal « yummawal » ngal.
So diɗɗal kala, e bannge mum, jokkii ƴellitagol mum e nder nokku ceerɗo nguurndam, teele maggal jogiiɗe ɓurnal cuɓtowal ngonataa gootum hakkunde diɗɗe ɗee. Yanti heen, kala no karalɗe ɗee ɓeydorii, teele ɗee ƴellidtoo ko e sifaaji artowi ɓeydotooɗi seertude, haa nde geñondirol wooraa hakkunde maggal e diɗɗe keddiiɗe ɗee. Ko ndeen ciiri ɗiɗi peeñata, tawi ciirol heen kala hoɓɓitii ko e ciirol jibingol ngol. Ko ndeen feeñfeeñre woni anndiraande ciiringol oya-ngenndiwol[15].
Ngol taaɓrewol noon, hoto njejjiten, en mbiyiino ko ngol taaɗngol, ko ɗuum waɗi engol naamndii kitaale ujunaaje keewɗe. Ko hono ngol ciiringol woni ngol Pulaar wiyata : « Seeno kala e gundooji mum !», ko kanngol ne holliraa e ayaawo aroowo ngoo, tawi feññinaa heen ko ciiringol keɓtotoongol gedde taweteeɗe e falnde Kalifornii (Dowlaaji Dentuɗi Amerik). Eɗen mbaawi yiyde heen wonde kala nokku mo ngar-ɗaa aɗa waawi hawrude e ngeddiri ndi jiydaani e ngenndiri ndi kawruno-ɗaa e oya nokku. Ɗee gedde ƴellitii e tago mumen, ngootiri heen kala, ko caggal nde hoɗii nokku keso mo jiidaani e goɗɗo oo, faliinde reɗɗii hakkunde majji e keddiiɗi ɗii haa ciiringol joltani ɗe.
Kono, eɗen njogii ciiringol goɗngol biyeteengol ciiringol jaaɓongenndiwol[18]. Hono no innde ndee holliri nii, ciiri ɗiɗi ɗii fof njaaɓondiri ko e ngenndi ngootiri (nokku gooto), kono faddunde geñondirgol ina reɗɗii hakkunde majji. Ko ngol woni lommbingol hakkunde gundo e elo. Ko nii woni diɗɗe ɗiɗi jeyanooɗe e ciirol gootol, so ngostondiraani kuwtoral artowal (njeñondiraani), to sabaabu oo ummorii kala, so ɓooyii tan, ɗi celondirat haa ɗo ɗi ngontata ciiri ɗiɗi ceertuɗi, so tuma joñondiral majji artowal timmii. E kaa ngonka, eɗen mbaawi wiyde wonde haytaango artowal[19] ina jeyaa e jirgooje ciiringol.
Ƴellitagol goñondirgol (joñondirgol) caggal ciiringol
Haralleeɓe artowal, ngam rewindaade taaɓrewol ciiringol, keewi ko fuɗɗoraade dottude jiydugal hakkunde ciiri kam e tuma jawtuɗo gila nde ciiri ɗiɗi banndiraaɗi ɗii ceerti. Ko e ɗuum ɓe ɓetata luutondire baklewe joowondirooje hakkunde ADN ciiri ɗii, ɓe ngannda no « daawal artowal » hakkunde majji ƴellitorii. Ngol ciiringol noon timmataa so wonaa nde keɗɗaawe guurɗiwe palii hakkunde majji. Ɗeen keɗɗaawe ina mbaawi fecceede e pecce ɗiɗi : keɗɗaawe « adojillaaje »[20] e keɗɗaawo « ɓaawojillaaje »[21]. Eɗen ciftina wonde jillaare[22] woni ɓoccoonde heblaande e dentugol hakkunde kañol e ɓocɓiɗnde. Waɗde ɗee geɗe ɗiɗi ceerndortee ko nde ɗe mbaɗi ko adii maa ko sakkitii toɓɓingol.
Mekanismaaji ɓaawjillaaje ngarata ko e waasde hawrude garti ɗii. So ciiringol ngol ina jola e ɗii ngonkaaji, ɗo fuɗɗoode ɗoo, jilluɗe gore ɗee walla dewe ɗee tan ngonata dimare. So ɓooyii, kañnje ɗiɗi fof, gore ɗee e dewe ɗee, ɗe ngonta dimare. To sakket, jille ɗee ƴellittaako, maa ɗe maayii, maa ɗe koriima tagaade tago moƴƴo. Oo mekanisme arteewo caabotooɗo ɗee luurde noon, anndaaka tawo.
Kono mekanismaaji adojille ɗee ɓuri faameede. E majji, ko adii toɓɓingol, teelo moƴƴo oo wonata ko tennoowo jahdiiɗe mum jeyaaɗe e ciirol makko gaa ciiri keddiiɗi ɗii. Oo meknisme ina waawi ƴellitoraade suɓtaango nehsuwo. Ngati mo kala salotoo ko « bonnude kure mum », saloo jotondirde e mo seeri ciirol, ɓayde toon alanaa ɗum ngartam jibingol, waɗde o suɓtotoo ko jahdiiɗo kaanɗo ; oon jahdiiɗo woni nannduɗo e makko ciirol. Ko ɗuum waɗi, oo mekanisme cuɓtogol waawata tan ko ɓeydude joñondirgol ngol. Ko kanko woni miijanteeri ndi ganndo Théodosius Dobzhansky (1900-1975), ganndiraandi « tiiɗtingol » maa « kittingol ».
So en ngartii e pulareeje men ɗiɗi ɗee, mbiyen : e luɓal maanaa haala, fulfulde ina heewi addude goongɗuka ngam, maa wonii ñaastaade haala kaa, maa dañande ka diñorde sellunde nde yeddotaako. Ko anndude fulɓe wonde so gundo resii elo, so woodii jibinde, jibintaa nguuftiri walla ko « mustini », heewi wonde ko « morgabbal » walla « ñiiƴe-bamɗi » ; ɓe nanndini ɗum e heɗɗaawo ngo ɓe mbaɗi hakkunde kinɗe renndo maɓɓe.
Kono kay ina laaɓi to ɓe pawi konngol ngol ɗoo, so resondirde hakkunde yimɓe seertuɓe kinɗe jeyaaɗe leñol gootol haa nii hakkunde ɓe ndenndaani leñol, so waɗii, ina moƴƴa haa malee, haa teeŋti to bannge guurɗiwal. Kono nde tawnoo ndeen feccitannde nde ɓe mbaɗnoo hakkunde maɓɓe wonnoo ko haa ɓe kisnira ndiin ndonanteeri ndañetenoondi e peccitagol golle maɓɓe, mbele heen gollal kala ina hisna ñeeñal mum ngal foti heeroraade, daɗnda ngal, ƴellita karallaagal maggal, renndo ngoo hisna faayiida gonɗo e ndeen hinnde. Hay so e nder yolnde ndee, en mbaasii alɗinde fatturu artowal, feloore alanaa ɓe heen, ngati ko njuɓɓudi renndo maɓɓe sañorinoo noon.
Keerol hakkunde ciiri ɓadondirɗi to bannge artowal, kono tawi ko jahɗi haa mbafoyi e ceertugol mumen no cate ɗiɗi lekki caltuɗe nii, fotnoo wonde ko muddol, mellisol ; kono seedaama heen tumaaji, engol wona cuyowol, julfol. Heen tolno, ciiri ɗiɗi ɗii ina keddii ɓadondirde to bannge njogoram, kono so ɗi ndesondirii, ciirol ngol ɗi ɗi njibinta ngol wonata ko ciirol ngol jibintaa (dimarol). Yeru mum laaɓtuɗo, ko mberkella (mbabba-puccu) ndañateeba e jotondiral hakkunde puccu e mbabba. Ba wona celluba, ndoolnuba, kono ba wonata ko kelba geñol, ba rontintaa.
Tolno dewɗo heen oo, e yaafde, yeru mum ko taweede ngartudi Neyandertaaliijo (2 %) e Donisowiijo (3 à 5 %) e nder ADN Sapiyensiijo (Neɗɗo guurɗo hannde oo e dow Leydi). Tawi ɗiin garti tawetaake e ADN Afriknaaɓe, ko ina hollira ndiin njilludi hakkunde garti waawi dañeede ko e ɗiin uujooji baɗnooɗi ɓaawo doŋre Afrik, haa pottital newni desondiral hakkunde teele ɗii ciiri tati, sikke alaa jiyduɗi ɗo ɓadii to bannge artowal, kono ceerɗe to woɗɗi to bannge peeñordi[23] (facciraango garti ɗii).
Kono ina anndaa so ciiringol ina heɓtotonoo ciirol neɗɗo hannde oo, Neɗɗo ƴoƴo ƴoƴo[24] ɓuratnoo newaade ko e ɗii uujooji, ɗi o ɓami waɗde gila ko ɓuri 70 000 hitaande. Sabu ɗoo kam, faddunde kalasal wertaango leydi mawngal nana hinkinii hakkunde ɓiɓɓe Baaba-Aadam, jookoyiiɓe e jookli ɓurɗi woɗɗotirde e lobbinaade e nder doŋe haa nii e nder duuɗe tummbere Leydi ndii. Kono so jiytondiral waɗii haa desondiral hesii woodde hakkunde maɓɓe jommbaani aawdi keele suɓee ɗoon, e no ɓe mbayi woɗɗondirde koɗorɗe kala, seertude pine kam e jikkuuji paggitaaɗi haa nii e luurdude ɓe piɓle…
Ngal natal, jahdinaangal e ndee winndannde, hollirta ko boowal caragol ciiri geddi[16]ceerɗi ɗi kalifornii, ɗi edda Ensatina. Ina miijaa wonde ɗi ƴellitii ko e taaɓrewol ciiringol ganewol[17], ngol e nder mum, joñogol geñowol ina adda ƴellitagol ciiri kesi e ummaade e taaniraaɗo gooto denndaaɗo, e baɗte ceertugol ngol daawal e/walla heɗɗaawo ɓalliwo saabii. (Crédit : Thomas J. Devitt, Stuart J. E. Baird et Craig Moritz/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0)
Mammadu Saalif Mbaay-Galo
Goomu Fulo e Wiɗto
- [1] Ciirol = Espèce
- [2] Ciiringol = Espéciation
- [3] Jelɗe = Caractères
- [4] Diɗɗe = Polulation
- [5] Garwari (caftule) lomlomeewi = Fréquences alléliques
- [6] Ɓurnal cuɓtoral = Avantage sélectif
- [7] Garwari lomlomeewi = Fréquences alléliques
- [8] Gartule = Génomes
- [9] Taarto-arte = Epigénétiques
- [10] Teele = individus
- [11] Wajjuɓe-jillaare = Jumeaux monozygotes
- [12] Rafi hoore = Pathologie mentale
- [13] Anagénèse = Biltinol Anagénèse
- [14] Cladogénèse = Caltinol
- [15] Ciiringol oya-ngenndiwol = Spéciation allopatrique
- [16] Geddi = Salamandres
- [17] Ciiringol ganewol = Spéciation en anneaux
- [18] Ciiringol jaaɓongenndiwol = Spéciation sympatrique
- [19] Haytaango artowal = Dérive génétique
- [20] Keɗɗaawe « adojillaaje » = Barrières Prézygotiques
- [21] Keɗɗaawe « ɓaawojillaaje » = Barrières postzygotiques
- [22] Jillaare = Zygote
- [23] Peeñordi = Phénotype
- [24] Neɗɗo ƴoƴo ƴoƴo = Homo sapiens sapiens.
