Ndenndaani lislameeri Muritani jeyaa ko e hirnaange ceeɓtam Afrik. Wertaango mayri ko hedde 1 030 700 km2. Limoore ɓesngu leydi ndi ina qiimee hedde 3 129 486 aadee. Heedi ndi fuɗnaange-rewo ko ndenndaandi Alaseri (Njuuteendi keerol ngol ko 465 km), hirnaange-rewo ko ndenndaandi Arab Saharawi Demokaraasiijo (1 561 km), Maali to fuɗnaange-worgo (2 237 km, heen 310 km ko mayo Karakoro) kam e leydi Senegaal (1 750 km).
Ɗii keeri fof ko koloñaal en ndiidi ɗum en, so wonaa mayo Senegaal ngo (1 750 km), seekngo reedu Fuuta, woni keerol hakkunde Senegaal e Muritani.
Kono Ngenndi ndii ina wooɓa to hirnaange beƴ e Fiiltiingo Atlantiik, hedde fonngo ngo 700 km, tuggude e wuro Njaagu haa laamorgo faggudu leydi ndi hono Nuwaadiibu, to rewo mayri.
So en peccitiima leydi ndi e pecce tati, mbiyen: – Ŋoral Fiiltiingo Atlantiik baabondirgal e jeereende tule ceene Saharaa. Falnde hakkundeere nde, sinki ɗum ko tule kaaƴe e naɗɗe ceeniije e – Daande maayo Senegaal, tawi ina waabii ɗum diiwaanuuji Tararsa, Barakna, Gorgol e Gidimaka, wiyaa hanki Waalo Barak e Fuuta Tooro (huunde tan e Fuuta tooro). Ndeeɗoo hettere, hono bannge worgo leydi ndii, ina jogii geɗal mawngal e nder faggudu leydi ndii, sabu ko kayre woni remotoonde. (Ndemeteendi mayri ko samme, makkaari, ndiyamiri, ekn…).
Jiimnoo ngenndi Muritani ko Farayse. Ndi heɓi jeytaare ko ñalnde 28 jolal (noowammbar) 1960. E ndi jayiri wonde ñootol hakkunde rewo Afrik e Afrik ɓaleejo. Hoɗi e mayri ko Safalɓe (aarabeeɓe berbeer en), Wolofaaɓe, Soninkooɓe e Fulɓe. Kono holi no ɗii leƴƴi ngardi e Muritani ? Holi no Muritani jibiniraa? Holi no tuubakooɓe naatiri ndi, e holi daawe nde ndi taaɓii haa yettii ñalɗi hannde guuraaɗi ɗi? Ko ɗee naamnde ngoni ɗe deede men Aamadu Malal Gey jaabtii e nder deftere mum wiyeteende “Koɗki Muritani” (jiɗɗo humpito ɓurngo yaajde kala, ina waawi ruttitaade e nde deftere).
Enen toŋngen tan mbiyen:
So tawii hakkillaaji keewɗi ina nanngi leƴƴi Magfara’en e Sowoyaa’en pelɓondirii ko ina tolnoo e duuɓi 30 ko adii nii cosgol Ngenndi Muritani, e wiyde kadi wonde lewlewndu pinal islaamiyankeewal lewlewtii to duɗe kese, jibinaaɗe e oon tuma, ko wayi no Tinigi, tikisiksa, Tiisit, Liksaar e Rashiid. Ko e ndiin mbaydi won e ɗiin leƴƴi maa cuuɗi keɓindii tigi-tigi jiimgol laamanteeje bayɗe no: Taraarsa, Barakna, Tagaant e Adaraar. Ko noon kadi laamanteeje islaamiyankooje peeñii nder oon sahaa to worgo leydi ndii, hono: laamanteeri Waalo e laamanteeri Fuuta Tooro (woni laamu Almameeɓe, eeltinɓe fiyannde gila 1768, keɓi jappeere e gardagol Suleymaan Baal, lammini Almaami gadano Fuuta, Abdul Qaadiri Kan). Kono, sikke alaa, ɗee laamanteeje dañjii pelɓondire toosɗe e ɗe rewankooje ɗe, haa e ɗe tuubakiri nder tumaaji ɗi ndi woni e naatde ngam jiimde leyɗe ɗee.
So en tonngii tan, mbiya-ten ko pelɓondire ɗee limlimtinii, kono:
-1902, tawi koloñaal fuɗɗiima heɓde Muritani
– 1904 : Muritani wonti leydi siwiil
– 1920 : lawɗinaa Muritani ko jiimaandi leydi Farayse nder suuɗnde e weejnde.
– 1934 : gasi haa laaɓi cer kala jattinaare teskinnde fotnoonde riiwtude maa dartaade naatgol koloñaal’en.
– 1935 : lawɗinaa Muritani jeyaa ko e leyɗe gonɗe e jiimaandi Farayse biyeteeɗe «territories d’outre-mer de l’Union Française».
-1957 : Muritani hokkaa waawde huutoraade dekeree «loi-cadre (loi Defere)».
– 1958 : Siifaa jeytaare ñalnde 28 Jolal.
– 1960 :Jeytaare ngenndiire lawɗinaa caggal nanondiral hakkunde Farayse e Muritani, ñalnde 28 Jolal, ngam dokkitgol ndimaangu leydi.
Maa en nduttu seeɗa noon e yuurnitaade huunde e kewkewe nder naatgol tuubakooɓe koloñaal’en leydi ndii.
- l Naatgol tuubakooɓe e Muritani?
Ciftinen ko portigaalnaaɓe ngadii jotondirde e hoɗɓe to Baandargiin (Banc d’Arguin), addi julaagu ɗacce to rewo Senegaal woni e ƴellitaade. Kono Federba, guwerneer Senegaal e oon tuma, jippinaani njoorta moƴƴa e jotondiral maɓɓe e laamanteeje taariiɗe ɗee, saabii o ummanii yiɗde fandinnde fonngo rewo maayo ngo. Laamuuji gaandanteeji ɗii ngoni e yiiltaade maslaha hakkunde mumen, sabu dañde ɓe gaño denndaaɗo. Ko gorko gooto tuubaako Kooninke, dawruyanke, caasɗo, biyeteeɗo koppolani lawɗini Muritani jeytaaɓe e jeyiiji maɓɓe keeriiɗi (1900), o wiyi ɗum «Muritani Oksidantaal» tawi noon o happitaaki lowre espaañnaaɓe nde, hono Toggere Raneere (Cap Blanc).
Nde jattinaare rewo ndee foolaa, faraysenaaɓe pandini Adaraar e nder 1908, ndewni heen Hodduuji ɗi e hitaande 1911. Heddii tuubakooɓe ɓee jaaɓani ko taƴde keeri caggal nanondiral hakkunde Espaañ e Farayse. E nder 1920 Muritani jeytaa e hettere dolaande Farayse wiyeteende AOF, Afrik Rewankeejo mo Farayse (Afrik Occidentale Française). Tabalde jattinaare hakkii haa e hit 1934, ko e nder 1936 ɓe keɓindiindi tawi ɓe ndemtiima kala ko ɓe purgunoo, kala fergitere e dow leydi ndii soppaama.
E oo tuma ƴellitaare leydi miijetaake saka wooda, woodi tan ko jiimaandi kooninkaagu, «miin waaw fiy maa, so mettiima maay». Njogitaare koloñaal’en moolanaadi moolee e oon sahaa, ko ɗii rafiiji ɗi ɓe tawdi Muritaninaaɓe (so en keertinii) e Afrik (e kuuɓal), hono ko wayno: ɓiyngu-baabaagu mbonngu hakkunde ɓesngu leñol gootol, maa hakkunde leñol e leñol, hakkunde kalifa aade e nanndo goɗɗo, ekw… . Mo hulaani fof wiya so jiimaaɓe ɓe paamno ɗuum, calii ɓe kuutoroo ceeraagu mum, kam e fitinaaji e luure ɗaayɗe hakkunde mumen, tuubakooɓe jiimataano ɓe maa keɓataano kam sagppji mumen.
Ko Saint-Louis (Ndar) mo Senegaal wonata laamorgo AOF e Senegaal fof, waɗde laamorgo politiikankeewo leydi Muritani. E ɗii tumaaji leƴƴi eggiyankooji goni tan ko e ɓeydaade heewde, tan kadi eɗi ɓeydoo waasde, alaa fof ɗo njiyataa maale ƴellitaare renndo, so wonaa ɗuski ɗum. Maa nde keneeli jeytaare puɗɗii wuttude, nde, ko wayi no boowe laaɗe diwooje, tufɗe dowrooje (pooruuji) ngoni e soseede.
Ko e nder lewru Jolal 1945, Senegaalnaaɓe ɗiɗo, Leyoopool Sedaar Senngoor e Lamin Gey toɗɗaa yoo ngon depiteeji e inɗe Senegaal e Muritani fof.
E nder 1946, Muritani ƴetti ko mbaydi jey leyɗe «outre-mer», ndi jeytaa e ɗeen leyɗe. Ñalnde 10 Jolal 1946, Ahmed wul Horma wul Babana woni depitee gadano Muritaninaajo. Rewata e makko ko Njaay wul Siidi El Moktaar (1951-1959). Ɗuum ina jeyaa e ko addata hakkilantaagal kesal haa jibinoya lanndaaji dawruguyankooji. Ko dekere biyeteeɗoo Loi-Cadre Defeer mo 23 korse (Juin) 1956, wallitta cosgol Semmbe ciinoowo (pouvoir executif), tawi resndoytee ɗum ko awokaa (avocat) gooto biyeteeɗo Moktaar wul Daddaa.
- l Muritani keɓɗo hoore mum :
- Refeeraduum mo 1958 addii cosgol, e nder 1959, cosgol doosɗe ngenndi dow mbaydi laamu jakkaa ngenndiijo (regime parlementaire). Njuɓɓudi Ngenndiije Dentuɗe (ONU) heɓtini leydi Muritani ñalnde 27 Yarkoma 1961, ndi woni njeyaandi e terɗe cosɗe Njuɓɓudi Ngootaagu Afrik (OUA) e nder hitaaande 1963.
Adii laamaade ndi ko Moktaar wul Daddaa (gila 1960 haa 1978), gardunooɗo e anniya haɓaade luure hakkunde ɓesngu nguu kam e jumpugol e nder geɗe ndernderiije leydi, hono Marok e Alseri. E nder Juko (Aout) 1966, Moktaar wul Daddaa toɗɗitaa yoo jooɗto e jappeere he. O hawritii e jattinaare sendikaaji lollirɗi markasist (marxiste) e maawoyist (maoiste), kono doole ɗeen pergitte ngas haa laaɓi cer nde wonnoo, ɗee pelle cerindinooɗe kala mbaɗtondirii ko e naattude (parti unique) lannda bajjo laamu goodnooɗo e oon tuma , hitaande 1975. Feere waɗde Ndenndaandi Sahara eeɓol amara ronku gasde, haa ɗum jibini lure toosɗe nder ɓesngu Muritani e hoyre mum, saabii ɓoggol ɗowngu laamu ngenndi ndii woni yolbude.
Alseri wammbii diƴii Mooɓondiral Polisaariyoo, kadi tuma oo e heege hiisnge nge yooro hitaande 1978. Konu farayse feŋnoongu Dakaar e Bowte (desammbar) 1977, waɗdi junngo e faandu e Konu Muritani, kono haɗaani njanguuji gure rewankooje ɗee, ɗi baɗte toosɗe hay nii e dow Nuwaasoot, wuro laamorgo leydi ndii. Ɗeen caɗeele njeyaa ko e dowrooje gadduɗe iiñturu ngenndi, haa kooninkooɓe teɓɓii hoƴƴude laamɗo leydi ndii oo, Moktaar wul Daddah; ɓe lammini gorkaajo biyeteeɗo Mustafaa wul Mohammed Saalek ñalnde 10 Morso (juillet) 1978.
- l Mustafaa wul Saalek, Ahmed wul Buseyf e Moh Khuuna wul Haydalla (1978-1984):
Ko ɗoo goomu ngarndiigu nguu, Goomu Koninkeewu ngam Ummitingol Ngenndi (Comité Militaire pour le Redréssement National), siifondiri e Polisaariyoo yoo docotte fitina ɗee ngubbe, jam arta hakkunde leydi Muritani e Polisaariyoo. Nde tawnoo noon ko gaay e nder ɗowngu laamu hee, ronkaa yoo koolondiral dañe, Mustafaa wul Saalek fiyaani henndu (Lewbi sappo tan e laamu), faandu mum helaa, biyeteeɗo Liyetenaa Kolonel Ahmed wul Buseyf jooɗii e jappeere hee, ñalnde 6 Seeɗto (Avril) 1979. Goomu (Comite Militaire de salut National) Kooninkeewu ngam Kisal Ngenndi, sosaa.
Eɗen mbaawi wiyde, goram, laamu jigaani Ahmed wul Buseyf, sabu lewbi ɗiɗi tan pawɗi seeɗaa, o waɗata e jappeere laamu, o woppa fiɗtaandu makko e aksidaa laanaa ndiwoowa.
Ñalnde 2 korse (Juin) 1979, kolonel Muhammed khuuna wul Haydalla lomi e gaŋnginorde laamu he, ɓe mbiyi ɓe tokkitii laañe hare, Muritani yalti e Sahara Oksidentaal.
E nder dumunnaaji ɓadondirɗi follooji limtilimtinɗi mbaɗii, hay so keɓaani jappeere ndee kam, addii laygol pelle-pelle cerendiiɗe laamu. Ñawu ngu woppataa warat, ko felde koonikoore wonde e gardagol Maayiyaa wul Siidi Ahmed Taayaa, kelata jardugal Haydalla ñalnde 12 Bowte (decembre) 1984.
- l Maawiyaa wul Siidi Ahm Taayaa (1984- 2005) :
Kolonel Maawiyaa gardiiɗo Etaa Majoor konu ngenndiiwu e oon tuma, omo woni gardiiɗo jaagorɗe (1981-1984), tawi omo woni kadi jaagorgal Ndeenka leydi, ko kañum tigi lomi e jappeere hee ñalnde 12 Bowte 1984, e ballal goomu tamnoongu semmbe konu ngenndi, hono Goomu Kooninkeewu ngam Kisal Ngenndi (CMSN), goomu ngu o halfinanoo o ardinaa.
Wiyaa hankadi faggudu maa yeeñtine, ƴellitee (liberalisation), suɓngooji diwaaniyankooji puɗɗaa yuɓɓineede.
E nder lefol makko, ɓesngu leydi ndii wuurii fatareere haaɓniinde, haantorinnde (1987-1992), nde hono mum meeɗaani anndeede e nder taariik mayri. Leñam-leñamaagu hiisi, añam-nguraagu doolni, war-hoyre wonti ko wuuraa, ɗawre dagtii,rafiiji muusɗi naati leydi ndii, ɓesngu nguu seekondiri, haa jooni ko baɗte mum, e no fannuyakooɓe mbiyiri, ngoni teppi ƴellitaare ngenndi ndi. Leñol Muritani yiyi caɗeele faggudu ɗe ɓeeɗaa yiyde, buuñaa hankadi dagii bannge yoo bannge, hora yoo hoolaare artu.
Hello ɓurngo haantorinde nder laamu Maawiyaa, ko ndee ñalnde 28 Jolal 1990, ñalnde nde noogaas e njeetato (28) nufuru ɓaleeru mbaraa nder ɓurɗi siaaji fof bonde, ngam mawninde duuɓe 30 jeytaare leydi ndi e teeŋti noon, ngam jaalninde aarabaagal Muritani. E nder 1991, o feƴƴini doosɗe leydi kese, o yeyni keptingol keewal lanndaaji cerindiiɗi, o sosi lannda mbiyeteeka PRDS. Tawi keneeli demmokaraasii ngutti e duundu Afrik, wiyaa yoo follo e war-hoyre hankadi karmu, ellee karmaano, ko heddi heen koo laminta tan ko kartal, ko kaanduɗo tan wonata ɗo haani e no haaniri nii. Kono kaa haala fof wonti buubaa gaɓule, wempeƴere demokaraasiire wonti deeɓeele (Kono en tiindaaki oon bannge, sabu ngoo hello, winndande mum gasdataa ɗoo).
- l Eli wul Mohammed Faal (2005-2007) :
Maawiyaa ɗanniima ngal jaaƴoytaako ñalnde 03 Juko (Aout) 2005, tawi omo yahnoo riyaad (Arabi Sawudiit), jaaloyde kaananke Fahd (roi Fahd d’Arabie Saoudite). CMJD, Conseil Militaire pour la Justice et la Democratie: Diiso Kooninkeewo ngam Nuunɗal e Demokaraasii, tokkiti gannginorde Maawiyaa, joɗɗini gorkaajo mo wonaa koɗo e ɗowngu laamu Muritani, biyeteeɗo Kolonel Eli wul Mohammed Faal, kalfinanooɗo Kisal Ngenndi (Surete Nationale) ko ina tolnoo e duuɓi 18, waɗde o jeyanoo ko e yahdiiɓe ɓooyɓe laamɗo pollaaɗo oo. Ñalnde ndeen artii e hakkillaaji yimɓe, ngool konngol ngol o heewno haalde, so tawi ko “ yoo Allah danndu am e bone yiɗɓe am, haa mi waawa haɓtaade añɓe am”.
Ndee jaalɗi follo ngoo dolaama, Maawiyaa feewi ko Niseer, o ummi toon o ƴaaŋi leydi Gammbi, o daakli ɗoon seeɗa. Nde o yenanaa duttal alanaamo leydi makko, o jaaƴoyii ko to leydi Qataar, moolndi mo haa e ñallunge hannde nge.
Ñalnde 21 Seeɗto 2006, Eli Mohammed Faal, yaltini wonde Maawiyaa so yiɗii ina waawi artude e leydi hee, kono ina harmani ɗum ñamde lefol e nder ngaal daawal demokaraasiiwal cabborgal, haa hitaande 2007. Kono ɗuum addanaani ceerseero jappeere laamu oo artude, sabu hayso o wiyaani koyngal makko fuɗi gaay huɗo, ina nanndi heen dey.
Eno o hunorinoo (Eli), kanko e kala jeyaanooɗo e laamu sabborgu nguu, wonataa e ñamooɓe jappeere nde Mars 2007. Ɗeen woote noon, hawraama eɗe laaɓi, ala nguyka, kono hay gooto dañaani 50%, addanoyta en lofu ɗiɗmu ñalnde 25 Morso 2007.
- l Siidi Mohammed Wul Sheek Abdallaahi (2007-2008):
To hoyre boowal, hawriti ko Siidi e Ahmed Wul Daddaa (miñi mum Moktaar Wul Daddaa), Siidi nawi raay, Ahmed Jibbilii, lawɗinaa Siidi ko laamɗo Ngenndi Muritani, o woondi woondoore laamɗo aadoraande, ñalnde 19 Seeɗto 2007. Ko kanko woni siwil gadiiɗo laamaade caggal suɓngo laaɓtungo, gila Muritani heɓi jeeytaare mum, tawi waɗaani nguyka. Yaakaare fuɗɗi feeñde: kaalirɗe e jeewtirɗe puɗɗii ɗeɗɗiteede, o qirrii warngooji baɗanooɗi e nder kitaale 1989-1992, o fodi ummanaade artirde mooliiɓe, juɓɓule pelle politikiyaankooje ngoni e jibineede, tawi ina jeyaa heen lannda notortooɓe islaamiyankooɓe (islaamist’en). Kono leydi ndii woni e iiñtude, hawriti kadi caɗeele nguura ina mawni no feewi. Ɗuum ina jeyaa ko usti semmbe laamɗo o, hayso tawii wonaa ɗuum woni sabaabu ɓurɗo teeŋtude o. Gaardiiɗo jaagorɗe o, Zeyn Wul Zeydaan, suutii, woppi gannginorde mum, demisoni, ñalnde 6 Duujal 2008. Ñalnde 11Duujal 2008, Yahyaa Wul Wagf toɗɗaa gardiiɗo jaagorɗe, kañum ne sompi downgu laamu, tawi noon engu waɗi gay mawɗi yahdiiɓe laamɗo pollaaɗo oo (Maawiyaa), e islaamistuuji ɗiɗi. Sikke alaa noon ɗum wayi e kooninkooɓe kono giyal fittaandu nii. Cifti-nen kadi, rewɓe jeyanooɓe e ɗowngu nguun laamu, toɗɗitaama e kabinee keso o.
Depitaaji ɗii luulndii ɗowngu laamu nguu, joɗɗini ɗaɓɓaande yiɗde huutoraade kulol kaɗowal (motion de censure), ñalnde 30 korse 2008. Kono ngaal kuulal hori gaynude hay batte, sabu terɗe ɗowngu nguu kala haa fiyi feggere, cuuti, ndemisoni, njalti e laamu he.
Jonte tati ngenndi ndi ina fekkori, endi diwɗi ndi alaa ɗowngu laamu. Gardiiɗo jaagorɗe o artiraa e jappeere mum, o waɗti kabinee goɗɗo, kono ko heen feƴtere tan hesɗitinaa, o udditinaani damal wonaa pelle cerindiiɗi ɗee, wonaa kadi felde dawrugoyankoore ɗiɗmere ndee, kañum fof e jeynoode e ballidiiɗe laamu (majorite presidentielle).
Gay mawɗi ɗii, cikkanooɗi ko kañum’en caabinoo lure hakkunde Siidi e kooninkooɓe ɓee, ngittaa kañum’en kala haa wiyi cer. Kono horaa yoo nanondiral waɗ, sabu maa taw naamnde ɗee jaabtidaaka, haa jibini tokkiteede gannginorde makko, naange e hoyre kellaw, tawo Aduna o kala ina ndaara, ñalnde 06 Juko 2008.
- l Mohammed Wul Abdel Asiis (2008):
Ina nanngi hakkillaaji, follo ngoo ari ko caggal nde waylo waɗi e nder konu kooninkeewu ngu (militeer’en), sendarmeri, kam e toppitiiɓe ndeenka ngenndi (garde nationale). Ko waawnoo haaleede heen fof, waɗtinta tan ko ciifgol nanondiral laamu sabbordu, caggal yah-ngartaaji limtilimtinɗi yiilotooɓe maslaha, hakkunde Nuwasoot e Dakaar. Ba Mbaare (gardiiɗo Senaa e oon tuma), jooɗii e jappeere hee balɗe 45, o woni ɓaleejo gadano meeɗɗo ardaade Muritani, hay sinno ko mudda daɓɓo, tawde hawranoo ko yo o jooɗo haa ñalnde 6 Korse 2009. Ɗum fof ko ɓaawo nde gardiiɗo HCE (Haut Conseil d’Etat) demisoni, hono Abdel Asiis, mbele ina waawa jeyteede e ƴamtooɓe lefol laamu, nder sumngooji laamɗoyankooji ñalnde 6 korse 2009. Ŋuuraali dawaaɗi haɗataa dimle yettoyaade to peewnoo, alaa ɗo yahnoo artii ɗo wonnoo, ko Abdul Asiis arti e jappeere hee.
Kuɗol Maamuudu Malal Gey (Dooro Gey)